The Negro Motorist Green Book
The Negro Motorist Green Book was a travel guidebook for Black Americans during the Jim Crow era. It was created to help Black motorists find safe and welcoming places to eat, sleep, and refuel while traveling through the United States. The book was first published in 1936 by Victor Hugo Green, a Black postal worker from Harlem, New York, and continued to be published until 1967. The Green Book played a significant role in helping Black Americans navigate the treacherous landscape of racism, segregation, and discrimination during the Jim Crow era.
History of the Green Book
The idea for the Green Book came to Victor Hugo Green while he was on a road trip with his wife in 1932. They had encountered numerous obstacles while traveling, including being refused service at restaurants and hotels, and even being threatened with violence. Green realized that Black travelers needed a guidebook that could help them find safe and welcoming places to stay and eat while on the road.
In 1936, Green published the first edition of the Green Book. It was a slim volume of just 15 pages, and it listed establishments in the New York City area that welcomed Black customers. However, it quickly grew in popularity, and by the 1940s, the Green Book was being distributed nationwide.
The Green Book listed hotels, motels, restaurants, gas stations, and other establishments that welcomed Black customers. The entries were organized by state and city, and each entry included a brief description of the establishment and its amenities, as well as any restrictions or requirements for Black patrons.
The Green Book became essential reading for Black travelers during the Jim Crow era. It provided a sense of security and comfort in an environment that was often hostile and dangerous for Black Americans. The book was especially important for Black motorists, who were at the mercy of the various sundown towns, where Black people were not allowed to be out after dark.
Legacy of the Green Book
The Green Book was more than just a travel guidebook. It was a symbol of Black resilience and ingenuity in the face of racism and discrimination. It helped Black Americans to navigate the complexities of Jim Crow and to find a sense of community and belonging on the road.
The Green Book also played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement. It served as a tool for Black activists, who used it to highlight the discrimination and segregation that Black Americans faced while traveling. The Green Book was a powerful reminder that segregation was not just a problem in the South, but was pervasive throughout the United States.
Today, the Green Book is remembered as a testament to Black American resilience and ingenuity. It is also a reminder of the ongoing struggle for racial equality in the United States.
Challenges Faced by Black Travelers
Black Americans faced numerous challenges while traveling during the Jim Crow era. The most obvious of these was segregation, which was enforced by law in the South and the custom in many other parts of the country. Black Americans were not allowed to stay in the same hotels or eat in the same restaurants as white Americans. They were also often excluded from public facilities such as parks, beaches, and restrooms.
Black Americans who violated these rules were subject to violence and intimidation. They could be arrested, beaten, or even killed for trying to access facilities that were reserved for white Americans.
Black motorists faced additional challenges while on the road. They had to contend with the various sundown towns, where Black people were not allowed to be out after dark. This made it difficult for Black motorists to find lodging or even to refuel their cars after dark.
The Green Book provided a way for Black Americans to navigate these challenges. It helped them to find safe and welcoming places to stay and eat, and it provided a sense of security and comfort on the road.
In April 1957, Johnson Hinton came upon a couple of police officers who were clubbing a man named Reese V. Poe on the corner of 125th Street and 7th Avenue in Harlem. Hinton called out to the officers: “You’re not in Alabama – this is New York! ” The police then turned their nightsticks on Hinton clubbing him and cracking his skull. The officers subsequently handcuffed Hinton and took him to the 28th precinct stationhouse. By the time the evening arrived, over 2,000 people were surrounding the precinct demanding that Hinton be provided with adequate medical attention.
Johnson X Hinton, it turns out, was a black Muslim who belonged to Mosque Number Seven, the largest mosque in the country – led by a 31-year-old preacher named Malcolm X.